Revised Ordinances of Honolulu(Link to original Word Processing Version)
public facilities and infrastructure policies and principles The vision for Koolaupoko will be implemented in part through application of the
general policies and principles for public facilities and infrastructure, which are presented in
the following sections. 3.1 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS This section describes the existing road, transit, bikeway and pedestrian network in Koolaupoko
as well as plans for future improvements. These elements are shown in Map
A-3, Public Facilities, in Appendix A. The section concludes with general policies and
planning principles to guide future transportation system development in Koolaupoko. 3.1.1 Roadway Network The Koolaupoko Sustainable Communities Plan Area is served by several highways that provide
access across the Koolau Mountain Range and other parts of the island: § Likelike Highway, Pali Highway, and the H-3 Freeway traverse the Koolau Mountain Range
and provide direct access between the windward and leeward sides of the island.
The latter, a U.S. Interstate opened in 1997, begins at the Marine Corps
Base Hawaii Kaneohe Bay and connects to H-1 and the Moanalua Freeway at
Halawa.
§ Kamehameha and Kahekili Highways connect to trans-Koolau highways and link Koolaupoko to other
windward Oahu locations. In the mid-1990’s, Kahekili Highway was widened to six lanes
from Likelike Highway to Kahuhipa Street, and to five lanes from Kahuhipa Street
to Haiku Road. § Kalanianaole Highway links Koolaupoko to communities in East Honolulu and serves as a scenic, secondary route for travel between Kailua/Waimanalo and Honolulu. The Oahu Regional Transportation Plan (ORTP) serves as a guide for the development of recommended major surface transportation facilities and programs. It identifies short- and long-term plans for major highway projects, transit improvements and transportation demand management (TDM) measures (e.g., park-and-ride lots and rideshare programs). The highway widening and interchange projects cited in the 1995 revision of the ORTP (see Table 4-1) are intended to increase roadway capacity. This is inconsistent with the vision expressed in Chapter 2 of this Plan. Consequently, it recommended that none of those projects be implemented. Highway improvements should be limited to minor additions of turn lanes or stacking lanes, enhancements of landscaping and pedestrian and bicycle facilities, and traffic control features that improve safety and traffic flow and the aesthetic appearance of the right-of-way.
Source: Kaku Associates and Parsons Brinckerhoff, for the Oahu Metropolitan Planning Organization, 2020
Oahu Regional Transportation Plan, November 1995. 3.1.2 Transit System TheBus system in Koolaupoko is organized in three service categories: § Suburban trunk service, which provides direct, multi-stop connections between suburban neighborhoods and activity centers within Koolaupoko;
§ Suburban feeder service, which provides suburban neighborhoods that are not directly served by
trunk routes access to the transit system -- namely to express and trunk
service routes; and § Express service, which provides direct non-stop connections between Koolaupoko and the major activity centers in the urban core of Honolulu. Table 4-2 summarizes the routes and operational characteristics for bus services as of 1998. A 1993 study of bus operations recommended reducing and possibly eliminating service on the two suburban feeder Routes 70 and 77 due to high cost relative to ridership. As of 1998, service had been reduced only on Route 77 and there were no current plans to eliminate either route.
In workshops for the preparation of this Sustainable Communities Plan and the
Oahu Trans 2K Plan, residents of Koolaupoko suggested using smaller-capacity buses or vans
for short “circulator” routes within the region, especially in the communities of Kailua,
Kaneohe and Waimanalo. This service could be used for shopping trips, connections to
express buses and a variety of other purposes, and would support the transportation
vision expressed in Chapter 2.2.4 of this Sustainable Communities Plan.
Source: Parsons Brinckerhoff, for the Honolulu
Public Transit Authority, Comprehensive Operations Analysis of TheBus System, August 1993, as updated
by fax memo from Mr. James Burke, Department of Transportation Services, May 1998. 3.1.3 Bikeway System Bike Plan Hawaii (1994), a State master plan for bikeways, defines the various
types of bikeways: § Bicycle Route. Any street or highway so designated, for the shared use of
bicycles and motor vehicles or pedestrians or both. Bike routes are of two
types: a) a widened curb lane in an urban-type area; and b) a
paved right shoulder in a rural-type area.
§ Bicycle Lane. A portion of a roadway designated by striping, signing, and pavement
markings for the preferential or exclusive use of bicycles. Through travel by motor
vehicles or pedestrians is not allowed unless specified by law, rule, or ordinance;
however, vehicle parking may be allowed for emergencies. Crossflows by motorists to gain
access to driveways or parking facilities are allowed; pedestrian crossflows to gain access
to parked vehicles, bus stops, or associated land use are allowed. § Bicycle Path. A completely separated right-of-way normally designated for the exclusive or semi-exclusive use of bicycles. Through travel by motor vehicles is not allowed unless specified by law, rule, or ordinance. Where such a facility is adjacent to a roadway, it is separated from the roadway by a significant amount of open space and/or a major physical barrier (such as trees or a considerable change in ground elevation). In Koolaupoko, the existing bikeway system consists of discontinuous segments of bike lanes, bike routes and bike paths in Kaneohe, Kailua, Lanikai and Waimanalo (see Figure 41). Significant community interest has been communicated regarding completion of discontinuous segments and expansion of the bikeway system in general. The State’s bikeway master plan proposes substantial additions to Koolaupoko’s bikeway system to create an interconnected grid through the more populated areas and links to East Honolulu via Kalanianaole Highway and to Koolauloa via Kamehameha Highway. The creation of the grid will enhance the potential for bike travel for short commuting and incidental trips. Also, the grid can be expanded by marking bicycle lanes on local streets in residential neighborhoods as part of a “traffic calming” program. 3.1.4 Pedestrian Circulation For the past several decades commercial developments and residential subdivisions have been required
to install sidewalks along street frontages, but there are many areas throughout Koolaupoko
where there are inadequate surfaces or clearances for walking within the road rights-of-way.
High costs and adverse environmental effects make it impractical and undesirable to install
formal sidewalks along all roadways in rural and older, low-density suburban areas. In
most sections, the volume or speed of vehicular traffic is low enough to
allow pedestrians to share the road surface or move over to the road
shoulder while a vehicle passes. In areas where there are conflicts between vehicular
and pedestrian travel, safety should be improved by making relatively modest changes to
the right-of-way to slow vehicular speed, enhance sight distances, and separate vehicular and
pedestrian traffic. Most street frontages in higher density residential areas and commercial districts have public
sidewalks, but many are too narrow or too cluttered with utility and street
light poles, signposts, traffic control boxes and other fixtures to accommodate comfortable and
safe pedestrian movement. Even street trees may become obstacles rather than amenities for
pedestrians when the sidewalk is too narrow or the trees are inappropriately placed.
An integrated approach to planning for pedestrians is needed in the areas where
activity is more intensive. The Regional Town Centers of Kailua and Kaneohe – especially
the latter -- should be improved significantly by designing and implementing a pedestrian
circulation plan to provide a safe, convenient and attractive network of public walkways
consisting of sidewalks, streamside paths and passageways through or along parking lots and
buildings. The circulation plan should not only designate routes, but also provide detailed
design guidelines for pavement width and material, rehabilitation of footpaths in older residential
neighborhoods (including asphalt footpaths), street crosswalks, landscaping, signage, street fixtures, transit stops and
other elements of the pedestrian environment. 3.1.5 General Policies The following general policies support the vision for a multi-modal transportation system in
Koolaupoko: § Reduce reliance on the private passenger vehicle by promoting transportation system management and
travel demand management measures for both commuting and local trips.
§ Provide adequate and improved mobility between communities, shopping, and recreation centers, especially by
enhancing pedestrian, bicycle and transit modes of travel. § Maintain adequate person-carrying capacity for peak-period commuting to and from work in the Primary Urban Center. 3.1.6 Planning Principles and Guidelines Commuter Travel § For commuter trips, the objective is to minimize the impact of population growth
on travel times. Adhering to the population guidelines of the General Plan will
help. § Provide improved services and facilities for express buses, such as more frequent, larger-capacity
and more comfortable vehicles. § Provide park-and-ride and bus transfer facilities as a joint or modified use of an existing parking area or adjacent to uses that are related to commuter trips, such as child-care centers and convenience stores. In addition, transit centers should be established to function as collector or distribution hubs which provide an interface between “circulator” shuttle and trunk bus routes. § Promote ridesharing and vanpooling. § Increase person-carrying capacity on trans-Koolau highways and Kalanianaole Highway for commuter travel without expanding rights-of-way or exacerbating delays in access to the highway from collector streets during peak periods. Local Trips § For local trips, the objective is to promote alternative modes of travel and
less automobile travel and to remedy present traffic bottlenecks. § Avoid street or right-of-way widening, except where necessary to improve pedestrian and bicycle
safety or provide bus shelters and more efficient bus loading. § Explore the feasibility of expanding local circulator transit service within the communities of Kailua and Kaneohe using small-capacity vans or buses under either public or private operation. § Require new or expanded commercial uses in the Regional Town Centers (i.e., Kaneohe and Kailua) and Community Commercial Centers (i.e., shopping centers and their environs) to provide bicycle racks and a direct pedestrian connection between the public sidewalk or nearest transit stop and the entries to business establishments. § Provide more convenient and attractive pedestrian paths within the Regional Town Centers of Kailua and Kaneohe. Establish a pedestrian network in the central commercial districts of Kaneohe and Kailua consisting of improved sidewalks and public pathways along streams and through blocks and parking lots. Modify rights-of-way design in selected areas -- especially along designated bike lanes and routes, principal pedestrian routes and street crossings, and near bus stops -- change travelway widths or curb radii, pavement width or texture, and introduce appropriate signage and more generous landscape planting. § Improve sidewalks and landscaping along Kalanianaole Highway in Waimanalo between Flamingo Road and Inoaole Street and between Aloiloi Street and Nakini Street. § Implement traffic calming measures in appropriate residential areas to reduce speeding and make vehicular routes less direct, thereby increasing safety and enjoyment for pedestrians and bicyclists. § Expand the bikeway network by implementing the proposals in the State of Hawaii bikeway master plan and adding bike facilities along residential streets in conjunction with traffic calming initiatives for neighborhoods within Kailua, Kaneohe and Waimanalo. 3.2 WATER SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT In 1987, the State enacted the Water Code (HRS Chapter 174C) in order
to protect, control, and regulate the use of the State’s water resources. This
Code is implemented through the Hawaii Water Plan which addresses water conservation and
supply issues on a statewide level by incorporating county water plans and water-related
project plans.
The Oahu Water Management Plan (OWMP), signed into law in 1990, is the
City and County of Honolulu’s component of the Hawaii Water Plan. The OWMP
sets forth strategies to guide the State Commission on Water Resource Management (CWRM)
in planning and managing Oahu’s water resources. To provide for future water demand,
the OWMP calls for the development of groundwater, surface and brackish water; desalination;
effluent water reuse; and water conservation programs.
The OWMP strategy also calls for maintaining Waiahole Ditch and tunnel system, which
conveys surface water from the Windward side to the Leeward side of the
Koolau Mountain Range to irrigate agricultural lands in Central Oahu and recharge the
Pearl Harbor aquifer. In a 1997 decision, the CWRM returned almost 11.5 mgd
flow from Waiahole Ditch to Koolaupoko’s streams. Nearly half that amount (or 5.39
mgd) was designated “buffer flow” that could be diverted later if stream studies
show that further reduction in stream flows will not significantly harm the stream
environments.
The Board of Water Supply (BWS) is presently preparing an integrated water resources
plan, whose scope includes all aspects of water use, recycling and conservation. 3.2.1 Potable Water In Koolaupoko, municipal water is supplied primarily by the BWS. In 1990, the
region consumed 19.2 mgd of potable water, or about 12 percent of the
islandwide total. According to the BWS, Koolaupoko will need a total of approximately
19.9 mgd of potable water by the year 2020, an increase of about
0.7 mgd from 1990, in order to accommodate future residential and commercial needs.
One of the major sources of future potable water demand in Koolaupoko will
be the development of residential lots in Waimanalo and Waiahole by the Department
of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL).
In the long-range, BWS plans to develop new Windward water sources to serve
Windward and East Honolulu users. This source development will allow redistribution of water
presently pumped to East Honolulu from existing Pearl Harbor and Honolulu sources to
accommodate future growth in the Primary Urban Center and other areas.
Some of BWS’ proposed groundwater development projects are in the Koolaupoko and 3.2.2 Irrigation Water Waiahole and Waikane The State of Hawaii has developed a 1 mgd water system to supply
the residents and farmers in the Waiahole Valley Agricultural Park. As of 1998,
farmers used only about 0.1 mgd from this source since the valley is
not fully planted, and they can draw free water from the McCandless pipeline,
which can deliver 0.5 mgd. Irrigation water for taro and other crops is
also drawn from Waiahole Stream, whose flow has become more abundant since the
CWRM’s decision on the Waiahole Ditch matter. Waimanalo In Waimanalo, the State provides water to farmers from the Maunawili Ditch, which
was built by Waimanalo Sugar Company. Its source is high-level water tunnels, springs,
and streams in Maunawili and Waimanalo Valley. The system delivers an average of
about 0.75 mgd of water. Other Water Systems Some farmers in the District rely on local springs, streams, groundwater wells, and
rainfall. A few taro growers take advantage of ancient irrigation systems built by
early Hawaiians. In many areas, farmers rely on relatively expensive water from the
Board of Water Supply. 3.2.3 General Policies General policies pertaining to Koolaupoko’s potable and nonpotable water systems are as follows: § Integrate management of all potable and nonpotable water sources, including groundwater, stream water,
storm water, and water recycling, following State and City legislative mandates.
§ To protect watersheds, retain existing acreage in the State Conservation District or within
the area defined by the Preservation boundary or designated Preservation. In addition, important
watershed areas which are within designated but unused or undeveloped portions of the
State Agricultural or Urban Districts should be reclassified to the State Conservation District
or designated Preservation, in consultation with affected landowners, lessees, and communities, and pertinent
resource agencies.
§ Where new reservoirs and other aboveground infrastructure is necessary, avoid impacts to significant
scenic resources; where such impacts are unavoidable, appropriate mitigation measures should be implemented. § Adopt and implement water conservation practices in the design of new developments and the modification of existing uses, including landscaped areas. 3.2.4 Planning Principles and Guidelines Development and Allocation of Potable Water While the State CWRM has final authority in all matters regarding administration of
the State Water Code, the BWS should coordinate development of potable water sources
and allocation of all potable water intended for urban use on Oahu. The
BWS should certify that adequate potable and nonpotable water is available in order
for a new residential or commercial development to be approved. State and private
well development projects could then be integrated into and made consistent with City
water source development plans. Water Conservation Measures Conserve water by implementing the following measures: § Promote installation of low-flush toilets, flow constrictors, and other water conserving devices in
commercial and residential developments. § Utilize indigenous plant material and drip irrigation systems in landscaped areas. § Use recycled (R-1 or R-2) water for the irrigation of golf courses, as well as for landscaping, and agricultural areas where this would not adversely affect potable groundwater supply or other aspects relating to public health. § Investigate the feasibility of small-scale rain catchment systems in agricultural areas to use for irrigation, groundwater recharge and filtering of stormwater runoff sediments. (See related discussion in Section 4.6.2.) § Investigate the feasibility of bulk-heading Waiahole Ditch to restore water in the natural dikes. 3.3 WASTEWATER TREATMENT Koolaupoko is divided between two municipal wastewater service areas. The boundaries of the
Kailua-Kaneohe-Kahaluu Service Area extend from Kaoio Point and Waikane Valley to the north,
to Wailea Point and Lanikai/Keolu Hills to the south, and inland along the
ridgeline of the Koolau Mountain Range. The Waimanalo Service Area is bounded by
Keolu Hills to the northwest, Waimanalo Bay to the northeast, Makapuu Point to
the east, and the Koolau Mountain Range ridgeline to the south. The Marine
Corps Base Hawaii (MCBH) Kaneohe Bay on the Mokapu Peninsula has an independent
sewage collection, treatment and disposal system under the control of the military. 3.3.1 Kailua-Kaneohe-Kahaluu Wastewater Service Area Most of the urbanized areas of Kailua, Kaneohe and Ahuimanu are served by
the Kailua Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP). The Kailua WWTP is a secondary
treatment facility with an average design capacity of 15 million gallons per day
(mgd) and a 1995 average flow of approximately 13 mgd. As part of
a regional plan, former treatment plants at Kaneohe and Ahuimanu were converted to
preliminary treatment facilities (screening and grit removal only) in late 1994 and connected
to the Kailua WWTP, which was expanded to accommodate wastewater flows from Kaneohe
and Ahuimanu. Treated effluent from the Kailua WWTP is discharged through the Mokapu
Outfall into Kailua Bay. Unsewered urbanized areas in the northern two thirds of Koolaupoko are primarily in Kahaluu. There are also some small pockets of unsewered areas in Kaneohe and Kailua. Sewer improvement districts have been identified and are being implemented for most of these areas. The Kailua WWTP has been subject to serious “wet-weather surge” problems, i.e., flow
volumes from rainwater and groundwater infiltration into the sewer system greatly exceeds the
plant’s capacity and have resulted in the spilling of untreated sewage into the
ocean. Plans have been developed to remedy the problem by (1) repairing leaks
in the sewerage system, (2) eliminating private rainwater connections to the sewer system
and (3) providing wet-weather storage capacity in underground pipes. The plan, completed in
late 1998, will require at least 5-years to implement. Collection systems in the
low-lying areas along the coast are also subject to seawater and root intrusion. The following measures are proposed to address these problems: Kailua Regional WWTP The Kailua Regional WWTP would be modified to provide secondary treatment of up
to 35.6 mgd. Improvements include internal modifications to the influent pump station, headworks,
and clarifiers. Various odor and noise control improvements would also be undertaken. In
response to expressed community concerns, there will also be a continuing evaluation of
the possibility of transitioning wastewater facilities from Aikahi to the Kapaa Industrial Park. Kaneohe WWPTF At the Kaneohe WWPTF, required improvements include a new odor control system, and
a 8.5 mg flow equalization system. Ahuimanu WWPTF At the Ahuimanu WWPTF, required improvements will include a new preliminary treatment facility
including new screening and grit removal facilities and a 0.9 mg flow equalization
system. Collection System Improvements to the collection system include the provision of relief lines throughout the
Kailua and Kaneohe basins, the replacement of deteriorating sewer lines, increasing pump station
capacities, and adding storage capacity for wet-weather flows. All Treatment Facilities At each of the facilities, existing odor and noise abatement facilities will be
modified as necessary and a strong emphasis placed on neighborhood involvement in planning
for future plant improvements. 3.3.2 Waimanalo Wastewater Service Area Approximately 65 percent of residences in the Waimanalo Wastewater Service Area is served
by a centralized wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal system.
Wastewater is collected by a network of gravity sewers, and is then treated
at the Waimanalo Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), which has a 1997 rated average
design capacity of 0.7 million gallons per day (mgd) and average flow of
approximately 0.6 mgd. The wastewater collection system, including the Kahawai WWPS, is owned
by the State of Hawaii and operated and maintained by the City and
County of Honolulu.
Homes in Waimanalo that are not connected to the public sewers are served
by individual
In the Waimanalo Wastewater Service Area, there are two key issues of concern: Individual Wastewater Systems There are water quality and public health concerns associated with the continued use
of individual treatment systems (primarily cesspools) in the low-lying coastal areas. Algal blooms
have occurred periodically in the nearshore waters of Waimanalo. It is uncertain whether
nutrients from individual wastewater treatment systems, stormwater runoff, and/or treatment plant effluent are
promoting such algal bloom. Waimanalo Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) The plant has a record of unstable performance and periodic effluent quality violations.
Treated effluent is currently disposed through the use of subsurface injection wells. The
existing capacity of the disposal wells is marginally adequate due to clogging of
the wells from excessive suspended solids in the effluent. These problems are believed
to stem from increased loading on the plant and the use of outdated
liquid stream treatment technology. The capacity of the Waimanalo WWTP needs to be increased to serve future needs. Also, the service area should be expanded to cover properties where individual wastewater systems are resulting in environmental and health hazards.
To address these concerns, the average design capacity of the Waimanalo WWTP will
be increased from 0.7 mgd to 1.1 mgd.
(See footnote 1) The expansion will include a
new secondary biological treatment process, an effluent filtration system, additional injection wells, new
sludge thickening facilities, an upgraded electrical system, and added personnel and maintenance facilities.
There will also be an ultraviolet disinfection system and effluent pumping facilities to
allow the use of recycled water for irrigating selected agricultural lots and the
Olomana Golf Links. 3.3.3 General Policies The following general policies apply to wastewater treatment in Koolaupoko: § Direct all wastewater produced within the Urban Community Boundary and Rural Community Boundary
to municipal or military sewer service systems.
§ Treat and recycle, where feasible, wastewater effluent as a water conservation measure.
§ Delay further sewer connections in Kailua, Kaneohe and Kahaluu, except for areas with
existing cesspools or septic tanks that need to be sewered for public health
reasons, until flow equalization/wet weather surge protection has been provided for the Kailua
Regional WWTP, as outlined in the Preferred Alternative of the Kailua-Kaneohe-Kahaluu Facilities Plan
(Final Plan, September 1998). § Mitigate visual, noise, and odor impacts associated with wastewater collection and treatment systems, especially when they are located adjacent to residential designated areas. 3.3.4 Planning Principles and Guidelines Recycling of Wastewater Effluent. Encourage or require, as feasible and appropriate, the use
of recycled water from the WWTP as a source for irrigating golf courses
and other uses compatible with the State's rules and guidelines for the treatment
and use of recycled water.
Use of Buffer Zones and Landscape Elements. Adequate horizontal separations and landscape elements
(e.g., berms and windrows) should be provided between wastewater facilities and adjacent residential
designated areas. In order to mitigate negative impacts of the wastewater treatment plant,
site-specific studies should be conducted to determine the width of the buffer zone
and specific types of landscaping elements to use. 3.4 ELECTRICAL AND COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS The increase in demand for electrical power in Koolaupoko is expected to be
generally proportionate to the modest level of projected population growth. Hawaiian Electric Company
is not planning to construct new trans-Koolau transmission lines, substations or power generating
facilities in the Koolaupoko region. However, replacement or repair of components of the
transmission and distributions system should be anticipated over the next couple of decades.
Underground placement of overhead lines should be accomplished, especially where they are exposed
to high winds or other conditions that cause power outages or where they
detract from a high quality view of natural features, such as identified in
Figure 2-4.
The growth in telecommunications systems is more likely to outpace population growth. The
1990’s decade saw substantial development of the telecommunications infrastructure throughout the island, including
Koolaupoko. Many new antennae and relay devices were installed throughout the region, usually
at higher elevations to provide adequate line-of-sight or coverage. Competition between communications companies
contributed to the proliferation of facilities, and often made cooperation in the collocation
of communications devices a challenge.
Technological advances in fiber optics and insulation will probably make it more feasible
to bury power and communications cables in the future, creating an opportunity to
develop more reliable and less visually intrusive transmission and distribution systems. 3.4.1 General Policies The following general policy pertains to electrical power and telecommunications infrastructure development in
Koolaupoko: § Design system elements and incrementally replace facilities such as substations, transmission lines and
towers to avoid or mitigate any potential adverse impacts on scenic and natural
resource values and to enhance system reliability. § New utility distribution lines should be placed underground and a long-range program for systematically relocating existing overhead lines underground should be developed and implemented. 3.4.2 Planning Principles and Guidelines Facility Routing and Siting Analysis. If any new or relocated substations, transmission lines
or towers are necessary, the selection of the route or site of such
facilities should avoid or mitigate any potential adverse impacts on scenic and natural
resources. Although these facilities are not shown on Map A-3, Public Facilities, their
routes and sites are reviewed and permitted by administrative agencies of the City.
Existing overhead lines should be placed underground wherever feasible; related project plans should
be coordinated with other infrastructure improvement projects to take advantage of opportunities for
shared trenching and to minimize construction-related disruptions.
Collocation of Facilities. Communications and power equipment and devices should be collocated with
similar facilities in order to minimize the number of supporting structures and dispersal
of sites. 3.5 SOLID WASTE HANDLING AND DISPOSAL Solid waste collection, transport, and disposal operations on the island are provided by
the City Department of Environmental Services, Refuse Division. Municipal refuse collection trucks provide
curbside pickup for most single-family residences. Refuse collection for commercial and multi-family apartment
uses is provided by private haulers. Individuals may deliver recyclable items to collection
containers that are located at schools and parks throughout the region. They may
also dispose of trash and large items that cannot be picked up by
the municipal refuse truck at one of Koolaupoko’s two refuse convenience centers, in
Kapaa and Waimanalo.
Collected refuse is taken from the Kapaa Transfer Station to a recycling center,
incinerator or a sanitary landfill. Incineration, accounting for approximately 50 percent of the
island’s waste disposal, is done at the H-POWER plant, located in the Ewa
region. The City’s sanitary landfill is at Waimanalo Gulch, also in the Ewa
region. It has sufficient capacity through 2003, and the City has instituted recycling
and other waste diversion programs in an effort to extend its useful life
through 2017.
(See footnote 2) 3.5.1 General Policies The following general policy applies to solid waste handling and disposal in Koolaupoko: § Continue efforts to establish more efficient waste diversion and collection systems.
§ Promote waste reduction, re-use and recycling. Recycling Programs and Facilities. Promote the recycling of waste materials by providing expanded
collection facilities and services (taking care to prevent unwanted community eye-sores), and public
outreach and education programs. Efficient Solid Waste Collection. Expand the use of automated refuse collection in residential areas, at the same time enforcing rules prohibiting the storage of automated containers in the public right-of-way. Refuse Management. Refuse collection management should not be based upon policies that would result in illegal refuse disposal elsewhere on the landscape.
Reduction of Solid Waste. Develop programs for effective reduction of the production of
solid waste.
Kahaluu Convenience Station. A convenience refuse transfer station is needed to serve Kahaluu.
Such a center should be located close to the Kamehameha Highway in the
area between Ahuimanu and Waikane where it can also be buffered from surrounding
land uses. Coupling it with a green-waste drop-off site is also desirable. 3.6 DRAINAGE SYSTEMS The mauka reaches of Koolaupoko are among the wettest areas of the island
and the source of numerous perennial streams, which are listed in Table 4-3.
The water quality and riparian habitat of many of these streams has been
adversely impacted by diversions, channel alterations and polluted stormwater runoff. These problems are
generally more severe along stream segments that traverse highly urbanized areas, but irrigation
systems, water well development and land use conditions in agricultural and conservation areas
have also created impacts. Still, Koolaupoko contains significant stream segments of high resource
value, and the quality of many other segments could be improved by restoring
natural habitat and adopting stream corridor management practices. All of Koolaupoko’s major watersheds have urban and agricultural areas in regulatory flood zones (see Figure 4-2.) In the 1960’s and 1970’s, several large flood control projects were undertaken to remove or reduce the most frequent and severe threats of flooding. The most visible results of those flood projects are the Kawainui Marsh and flood berm, the Kahaluu lagoon, and the Hoomaluhia dam and stormwater detention basin. Following a major flood event in 1987, improvements were made to the design and maintenance of the Kawainui flood control project. Figure 4-2 Flood Zones in Koolaupoko
Source: State
of Hawaii Commission on Water Resource Management and The National Park Service, Hawaii
Stream Assessment: A preliminary Appraisal of Hawaii’s Stream Resources, December 1990; State of
Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, General Flood Control Plan for Hawaii,
September 1983. Some of Koolaupoko’s agricultural irrigation systems have become de facto drainage systems. The Waiahole, Kailua and Maunawili Ditches divert some stormwater from downstream areas. Problems occur when abandoned irrigation structure, such as the reservoir for the former Waimanalo Plantation, fall into disrepair and the responsibility for their maintenance is unclear.
Due to the high cost and adverse environmental effects of formal flood control
structures, flood protection measures have turned to nonstructural approaches. In 1980, the City
adopted development standards based on the Federal Flood Insurance Program to prevent encroachments
into floodways and reduce the risk of property damage. Periodic maintenance of stormwater
basins, including wetlands, and stream channels and outlets is another element of the
flood protection strategy. Soil conservation measures, especially in agricultural areas, are also important
to reduce sediment and maintain the downstream capacity of the stream channel. 3.6.1 General Policies General policies pertaining to Koolaupoko’s drainage system are as follows: § Promote drainage system design that emphasizes control and minimization of nonpoint source pollution
and the retention of storm water on-site and in wetlands.
§ A comprehensive study of local flooding and drainage problems should be developed and
should include a phased plan for improvements.
§ Modifications needed for flood protection should be designed and constructed to maintain habitat
and aesthetic values, and avoid and/or mitigate degradation of stream, coastline and nearshore
water quality.
§ Planned drainageway improvements should be integrated into the regional open space network by
providing access for pedestrians and bicyclists.
§ View storm water as a potential irregular source of water that should be
retained for recharge of the aquifer rather than quickly moved to coastal waters.
§ Keep drainageways clear of debris to avoid the flooding problems that have occurred
in the past. Principles to guide the maintenance and improvement of Koolaupoko’s drainage systems include: § Retention and Detention. Emphasize retaining or detaining storm water for gradual release into
the ground as the preferred strategy for management of storm water. Also, large-capacity
boulder and debris basins in upper valleys above urbanized areas should be properly
maintained in order to prevent the blocking of downstream channels during major storm
events.
§ Stream Channel Improvements. Integrate planned improvements to the drainage system into the regional
open space network by emphasizing the use of retention basins, creation of passive
recreational areas, and recreational access for pedestrians and bicycles without jeopardizing public safety.
In places where the hardening of stream channels is unavoidable or highly desirable
to prevent significant loss of property or threat to public health and safety,
the improvements should be designed and made in a manner which protects natural
resource and aesthetic values of the stream, consistent with the guidelines expressed in
Section 3.1.3.4.
§ Channel and Basin Management. Emphasize periodic maintenance of stream channels and stormwater detention
basins, including natural wetlands, to improve and retain their capacity for flood conditions.
Abandoned irrigation ditches and reservoirs should be recognized as important elements of the
flood control system and a government entity – e.g., the State of Hawaii Department
of Land and Natural Resources – should assume responsibility for their maintenance. Public schools in the Koolaupoko Sustainable Communities Plan Area, listed in Table 4-4,
are part of the Department of Education’s (DOE) Windward District. Most recent enrollment
figures show that the majority of schools in Koolaupoko are operating under capacity.
Consequently, DOE does not plan to increase classroom capacity through new construction or
expansion of existing facilities for at least the next six years. During this
time period, however, other improvements are planned for a number of schools in
the region. These include renovation of cafeterias and libraries, and construction of new
administration buildings. Additional demand for classroom space generated by future residential developments can
be absorbed by the existing facilities. If necessary, school boundaries could be adjusted
to allocate additional demand to schools that have the most available capacity.
1 Includes
Intermediate School enrollment Source: State of Hawaii, Department of Education, Facilities and Support Services Branch, May 1999.
Source: Department of
Education, Public and Private School Enrollment, September 1994 Private schools have a relatively small presence in Koolaupoko. In 1994, Koolaupoko’s 13 private schools had a combined enrollment of 2,368 (see Table 4-5). If enrollment increases in these private schools, it is likely that enrollment will decline in area public schools because most students are expected to be drawn from within the region rather than outside. The DOE also administers three public libraries in Koolaupoko. The regional library is located in Kaneohe. The other two libraries are in Kailua and Waimanalo, the latter of which is incorporated in the Waimanalo Elementary and Intermediate School. No additional libraries are planned. 3.7.1 General Policies General policies relating to school facilities are listed below: § Approve new residential developments only after the State Department of Education certifies that
adequate school facilities, either at existing schools or at new school sites, will
be available when the development is completed.
§ Have developers pay their fair share of costs to ensure provision of adequate
school facilities. § Consider schools as community resources for learning about specialized environmental, cultural and historic subjects related to Koolaupoko and each of its communities. 3.7.2 Planning Principles and Guidelines The following principles and guidelines should be followed in planning and operating schools
in Koolaupoko. § Adaptive Reuse. While the demand for classroom space has been declining in some
sections of Koolaupoko, needs could change significantly, even with a relatively slow rate
of population growth. Therefore, the existing inventory of school facilities should be maintained.
To make more efficient use of these facilities, as well as DOE fiscal
resources, some of the unneeded classroom space could be converted for temporary use
as administrative office space for DOE personnel. This reflects a strategy that DOE
has already adopted.
§ Shared Facilities. The Department of Parks and Recreation should coordinate with the DOE
regarding the development and use of athletic facilities such as playgrounds, play fields
and courts, swimming pools, and gymnasiums where the joint use of such facilities
would maximize use and reduce duplication of function without compromising the schools’ athletic
programs (see also Section 3.3.3). Moreover, the DOE should coordinate the structural design
of school buildings with the Civil Defense Agency so that these facilities may
be used as public hurricane shelters.
§ Fair Share Contribution. The City should support the DOE’s requests for fair share
contributions from developers to ensure that adequate school facilities are in place. § New Facilities. If a new public or private school campus or a significant increase in enrollment capacity at one of the existing campuses is proposed, the guidelines for institutions presented in Section 3.8.4 should apply. 3.8 CIVIC AND PUBLIC SAFETY FACILITIES Koolaupoko public safety facilities consist of police, fire and ambulance stations. Police substations
are located in Kaneohe and Kailua, both of which are located within their
respective Regional Town Centers. The Honolulu Fire Department (HFD) operates fire stations in
Kailua, Kaneohe, Waimanalo and Kahaluu. The military maintains a fire station on the
Marine Corps Base Hawaii, Kaneohe. To provide adequate response time throughout the region,
a future fire station is planned at Kualoa. Ambulance service, staffed by the
City’s Emergency Medical Services Division, is provided from each of the HFD fire
stations except Kahaluu, whose service area is covered from the Kaneohe station. An
ambulance unit is planned in Kaaawa where an ambulance bay has been completed
at the new Kaaawa fire station. Civic centers in Koolaupoko include three Satellite City Halls and several State of Hawaii facilities. Satellite City Halls offer many basic services for residents, including bus pass sales and bicycle registration. The Satellite City Hall in Kaneohe is within the Regional Town Center; in Kailua it is in the Enchanted Lake Shopping Center, a neighborhood center. There is also a mobile Satellite City Hall in Waimanalo that operates once a week at the Waimanalo Town Center. The State of Hawaii operates regional or area service centers for unemployment insurance in the Regional Town Centers of Kailua and Kaneohe and a food stamp office near Windward City Shopping Center. The State’s Windward Health Center is located adjacent to the Kaneohe State Hospital and Windward Community College.
The existing District Court for Koolaupoko-Koolauloa is located in a light industrial area
on the edge of the Kaneohe Regional Town Center. Because its present building
and site are too small, the State of Hawaii plans to relocate the
courthouse to a new site adjacent to the Kaneohe District Park. 3.8.1 General Policies The following general policies pertain to public safety facilities: § Provide adequate staffing and facilities to ensure effective and efficient delivery of basic
governmental service and protection of public safety. § Locate regional civic facilities in the Regional Town Centers of Kaneohe and/or Kailua. 3.8.2 Planning Principles and Guidelines These principles and guidelines are intended to carry out the above policies. § Satellite City Halls. Locate permanent Satellite City Halls in the Regional Town Centers
of Kaneohe and Kailua to reinforce these areas as a regional focal point
or gathering spot for activities and services. Continue the mobile Satellite City Hall
service to Waimanalo.
§ Police and Fire/Ambulance Stations. Maintain present police and fire stations and develop a
new fire station at Kualoa. The proposed Kaaawa fire station ambulance is intended
to serve a portion of Koolaupoko. 3.9 URBAN DESIGN 3.9.1 General Policies The term "urban design" is used here to mean the physical appearance, or
"design" of appurtenances comprising the infrastructure of communities. To some extent, it is
a misnomer since it is used to apply to appurtenances whether they occur
in an "urban" area or a rural area.
Such appurtenances include streets (widths, paving materials and markings); sidewalks; curbs; gutters; median
islands; manhole covers; traffic control boxes; traffic signals; traffic signs; street lights (poles,
luminaires and light sources); parking lots; parking meters; street trees; fire hydrants; mail
collection boxes; benches; litter containers; bus stops and bus stop shelters; newspaper dispensers;
public telephones; utility substations and utility pumping stations all of which, individually and
collectively, impact and influence the physical appearance of the community where they are
located.
Because of the ubiquitous nature of these appurtenances, they play a role in
forming the aesthetic character of a community. By "design", predetermined styles, forms, materials
and colors of these appurtenances can produce a desired and pleasing aesthetic character
and together, contribute to a visual community identity.
3.9.2 Planning Principles and Guidelines 3.9.2.1 General: · To enhance the natural environment in and around all communities within Koolaupoko, utility
wires should be placed underground henceforth and existing overhead wires relocated underground. · Design traffic control boxes to be screened to reduce visual impacts. · Require and enforce requirements for shade trees in all parking lots. · Include shade trees as desirable street trees. · Keep street and highway signs to a minimum and then only for traffic control and direction (not to include permanent message boards). · Incorporate medial planting strips in roadways wherever practical. · Continue to prohibit "billboards" and other outdoor advertising devices. · Supply litter containers for the streetoutlet end of public beach rightofways. · Encourage each individual community to formulate desired "design" guidelines for public and private projects. 3.9.2.2 Individual Communities: Elements should include but not be limited to: 4.9.2.2.1 Kailua · Begin the undergrounding of utility wires in the Town Center. · Encourage the removal of fences between commercial properties in the Town Center to create greater pedestrian interchange. · ·
3.8.1.1.2
3.8.1.1.3 · Refrain from requiring wide streets with curbs and concrete gutters in rural areas. · Refrain from requiring sidewalks in rural areas. · Refrain from installing streetlights in rural areas unless requested by the community. · Develop rural community standards compatible with these less intensively developed residential communities.
Footnote: 1 Hawaii Pacific Engineers. Waimanalo Wastewater Facilities Plan. April 1997 Footnote: 2 STV/Lyon Associates, Inc., for the City and County of Honolulu Department of Public Works, Solid Waste Integrated Management Plan Update, March 1995. P ublic Facilities and Infrastructure Policies and Principles · 4- | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||