Revised Ordinances of Honolulu
(Link to original Word Processing Version)
Article 5. Energy Conservation
Sections:
16-5.1 Scope--Applicability--Information for plans and specifications-- Alternative systems.
16-5.2 Definitions.
16-5.3 Exterior envelope requirements.
16-5.4 Warm air heating, ventilating and air-conditioning systems--All occupancies except Group R, Division
3 occupancies.
16-5.5 Warm air heating, ventilating and air-conditioning systems in one- and two-family dwellings--Group
R, Division 3 occupancies.
16-5.6 Systems controls in all occupancies.
16-5.7 Piping for steam and hot water heating systems.
16-5.8 Conservation of hot water.
16-5.9 Controls.
16-5.10 Lighting power limit for buildings.
16-5.11 Energy conservation in electrical distribution systems.
16-5.12 Violation--Penalty.
Sec. 16-5.1 Scope--Applicability--Information for plans and specifications-- Alternative systems.
(a) Scope. This article shall apply only to low-rise residential buildings that are exempted
from the provisions of Chapter 32. The provisions of this article regulate the
design and construction of the exterior envelopes of, and selection of heating, ventilating
and air conditioning, service water heating, electrical distribution and illuminating systems and equipment
required for the purpose of effective conservation of energy within, a building or
structure governed by this code. Compliance with applicable provisions of ASHRAE Standard No.
90A-80 shall be deemed to meet the requirements of this article.
(b) Applicability.
(1) The energy efficiency building standards shall be enforced at the time of construction
of a new building and shall also be applied, in part, to that
portion of a major addition, alteration or repair of an existing building when
the proposed major addition, alteration or repair must comply with the standards applicable
to new buildings under the building code.
(2) Exceptions.
(A) Buildings and structures, or portions thereof, which are not heated or cooled shall
be exempt from the provisions of Sections 16-5.3 through 16-5.6 regulating exterior envelope
and heating, ventilating and air-conditioning system.
(B) Buildings and structures whose peak design rate of energy usage is less than
one watt per square foot or 3.4 Btu/h per square foot of floor
area for all purposes shall be exempt from all provisions of this article.
(C) Structures which are not heated or cooled, or where cooled with air conditioning
systems totaling less than 12,000 Btu/h capacity, shall be exempt from all provisions
of this article except Sections 16-5.8 and 16-5.9 pertaining to the conservation of
hot water.
(D) For special applications such as hospitals, laboratories, thermally sensitive equipment, computer rooms, and
manufacturing and industrial processes, the design concepts and parameters shall conform to the
requirements of the application at minimum energy levels.
(c) Plans and Specifications. Plans, specifications and necessary computations shall be submitted to indicate
conformance with this article. Plans and specifications for work to comply with the
provisions of this article shall be prepared, designed or approved by a duly
registered professional engineer or architect as required by HRS Chapter 464.
(d) Information on Plans and Specifications. The plans and specifications shall show in sufficient
detail all pertinent data and features of the building and the equipment and
systems as herein governed including but not limited to: exterior envelope component materials,
U values of the respective elements including insulation, R values of insulating materials,
size and type of apparatus and equipment, equipment and system controls, and other
pertinent data to indicate conformance with the requirements of this article.
(e) Alternative Systems.
(1) Alternative building systems and equipment design shall be approved by the building official
when it can be demonstrated that the proposed energy consumption will not exceed
that of a similar building with similar forms of energy requirements designed in
accordance with the provisions of this article.
(2) When such alternative systems utilize solar, geothermal, wind or other nondepletable energy sources
or utilize waste heat for all or part of its energy sources, such
nondepletable energy or recovered waste heat supplied to the buildings may be excluded
from the total energy chargeable to the proposed alternative design.
(3) Proposed alternative designs submitted as requests for exception to the standard design criteria
must be accompanied by an energy analysis prepared in accordance with established principles
of environmental technologies (such as ASHRAE Standard 90).
(Sec. 16-7.1, R.O. 1978 (1987 Supp. to 1983 Ed.); Am. Ord. 90-57, 94-75,
97-16)
Sec. 16-5.2 Definitions.
The following terms are defined for specialized use within this article.
"ASHRAE" means American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
"Coefficient of performance (COP)--Cooling" means:
(1) Electrically Operated HVAC Equipment. The ratio of the rate of net heat removal
to the rate of total energy input expressed in consistent units and under
designated rating conditions. The rate of net heat removal as used within this
definition shall be the change in the enthalpies of the air entering and
leaving the equipment (without reheat). The total energy inputs as used within this
definition shall be determined by combining the energy inputs to all elements of
the equipment, including, but not limited to, compressors, pumps, supply-air fans, return-air fans,
condenser-air fans, cooling tower fans and pumps, and the heating, ventilating and air-conditioning
system equipment control circuit.
(2) Applied HVAC System Components. The ratio of the rate of net heat removal
to the rate of total energy input expressed in consistent units and under
designated rating conditions. The rate of net heat removal as used within this
definition shall be the difference in enthalpies of the water or refrigerant entering
and leaving the component. The total energy input as used within this system
shall be determined by combining the energy inputs to all elements and accessories
of the component, including, but not limited to, compressors, internal circulating pumps, condenser-air
fans, evaporative-condenser cooling water pumps, purge, and the heating, ventilating and air-conditioning system
components control circuit.
(3) Heat-operated HVAC System Equipment. The ratio of the net cooling output to the
total heat input. The rate of net heat removal as used within this
definition shall be the difference in enthalpies of the water or refrigerant entering
and leaving the component. The total energy input as used within this system
shall be determined by combining the energy inputs to all elements and accessories
of the component, including, but not limited to, compressors, internal circulating pumps, condenser-air
fans, evaporative-condenser cooling water pumps, purge and the heating, ventilating and air-conditioning system
components control circuit.
"Coefficient of performance (COP)--heat pump, heating" means the ratio of the rate of
net heat output to the rate of total energy input expressed in consistent
units and under designated rating conditions. The rate of net heat output as
used within this definition shall be the change in the total heat contents
of the air entering and leaving the equipment, excluding supplementary heat. The total
energy input as used within this definition shall be the combined energy inputs
to all elements except supplementary heaters of the heat pump, including, but not
limited to, compressors, pumps, supply-air fans, return-air fans, outdoor-air fans, cooling-tower fans and
the HVAC system equipment control circuit.
"Energy efficiency ratio (EER)" means the ratio of net cooling capacity in Btuh
to total rate of electric input in watts under designated operating conditions.
"Exterior envelope" means the elements of a building which enclose conditioned spaces through
which thermal energy may be transferred to or from the exterior, or from
unconditioned spaces.
"Exterior walls" means, for the purpose of this article, the gross area of
exterior walls consisting of all opaque wall areas and partition areas, including foundation
walls above grade, peripheral edges of floors, window areas including sash, and door
areas, where such surfaces are exposed to outdoor air or unconditioned interior space
and enclose a heated or mechanically cooled space.
"Fenestration" means any light-transmitting opening in a building wall or roof. Included are
(1) the glazing material which may be glass or plastic, (2) the framing,
mullions, muntins and dividers, (3) external shading devices, (4) internal shading devices, and
(5) integral (between-glass) shading systems.
"Floor area, gross" means the floor area within the perimeter of the outside
walls of the building under consideration, without deduction for hallways, stairs, closets, thickness
of walls, columns or other features.
"Heated space" means a space within a building which is provided with a
positive heat supply to maintain air temperature of 50 degrees Fahrenheit or higher.
"HVAC" means heating, ventilation and air-conditioning.
"Opaque areas" means all exposed areas of a building envelope which enclose conditioned
space, except openings for windows, skylights, doors and building service systems.
"Packaged terminal air conditioner" means a factory-selected combination of heating and cooling components,
assemblies or sections, intended to serve a room or zone.
"Power factor" means the ratio of the true power (watts) to the apparent
power (volts x amperes); the cosine of the angle of lag between the
alternating current and the voltage waves.
"Rate of net heat output" means the change in the total heat contents
of the air entering and leaving the equipment, not including supplementary heat.
"Readily accessible" means capable of being reached safely and quickly for operation, repair
or inspection without requiring those of whom ready access is requisite to climb
over or remove obstacles or to resort to the use of portable access
equipment.
"Reheat" means the application of sensible heat to supply air that has been
previously cooled below the temperature of the conditioned space by either mechanical refrigeration
or the introduction of outdoor air to provide cooling.
"Roof assembly" means:
(1) For the purpose of this article, a roof assembly shall be considered as
all components of the roof/ceiling envelope through which heat flows, thereby creating a
building transmission heat loss or gain, where such assembly is exposed to outdoor
air and encloses a heated or mechanically cooled space.
(2) The gross area of a roof assembly consists of the total interior surface
of such assembly, including skylights, exposed to the heated and/or mechanically cooled space.
(3) Where ceiling air plenums are employed, the roof/ceiling assembly shall:
(A) For thermal transmittance purposes, not include the ceiling proper nor the plenum space
as part of the assembly.
(B) For gross area purposes, be based upon the interior face of the upper
plenum surface.
Shading Coefficient (SC).
SC =
OLE Object Here
Where: DS means double strength
B means grade class
"Supplementary heat" means heat generated in a heat pump, electrical resistance heat or
other heat input not provided through the heat pump cycle.
"Terminal element" is the means by which the transformed energy from a system
is finally delivered; i.e., registers, diffusers, lighting fixtures, faucets, etc.
"Thermostat" means an instrument which measures changes in temperature and controls device(s) for
maintaining a desired temperature.
"Unconditioned" means not heated or cooled.
"Zone" means a space or group of spaces within a building with heating
or cooling requirements sufficiently similar so that comfort conditions can be maintained throughout
by a single controlling device. (Sec. 16-7.2, R.O. 1978 (1987 Supp. to 1983
Ed.); Am. Ord. 90-57)
Sec. 16-5.3 Exterior envelope requirements.
(a) General.
(1) The intent of this section is to provide minimum requirements for exterior envelope
construction.
(2) In addition to the criteria set forth in this article, the proposed design
may take into consideration the thermal mass of the building in considering energy
conservation in accordance with engineering design standards such as those of ASHRAE.
(3) A building that is designed to be both heated and cooled shall meet
the more stringent of the heating and cooling requirements of the exterior envelope
as provided in this section when the requirements differ.
(b) Thermal Performance.
(1) All buildings and structures, or portions thereof, that are heated or mechanically cooled
shall be constructed so as to provide the required thermal performance of the
various components.
(2) The required thermal transmittance value (Uo) of any one component such as roof/ceiling,
wall or floor may be increased and the Uo value for any other
components decreased provided that the overall heat gain or loss for the entire
building envelope does not exceed the total resulting from conformance to the required
Uo values.
(c) Residential Buildings Not More Than Three Stories in Height. The following provisions shall
apply to all buildings and structures, or portions thereof, not more than three
stories in height and housing Group R occupancies.
(1) Walls. The gross area of exterior walls above grade, including foundation walls, shall
have a combined thermal transmittance value (Uo) not exceeding those specified in Table
No. 16-5A. The combined thermal transmittance value (Uo) is to be computed using
Equation 16-5.1.
EXCEPTIONS. In locations with less than 500 Fahrenheit heating degree days, there shall
not be a maximum Uo requirement if only heating is provided, and the
Uo shall not exceed those specified in Table No. 16-5A if the building
is mechanically cooled.
Uo =
OLE Object Here
………………(16-5.1)
Note. Where more than one type of wall, window and/or door is used,
the U x A term for that exposure shall be expanded into its subelements, as:
Uwall1 Awall1 + Uwall2, etc.
Where Uo = the average thermal transmittance of the gross wall area, Btu/hft2F.
Ao = the gross area of exterior walls, ft2.
Uwall = the thermal transmittance of all elements of the opaque wall area, Btu/hft2F.
Awall = opaque wall area, ft2.
Uwindow = the thermal transmittance of the window area, Btu/hft2F.
Awindow = window area (including sash), ft2.
Udoor = the thermal transmittance of the door area, Btu/hft2F.
Adoor = door area, ft2.
(2) Roof/Ceiling. Any building that is heated or mechanically cooled shall have a combined
thermal transmittance value (Uo) for roof/ceiling not exceeding those specified in Table No.
16-5A. The combined thermal transmittance value (Uo) is to be computed using Equation
16-5.2.
Uo=
OLE Object Here
……………………………..(16-5.2)
Note. Where more than one type of roof/ceiling and/or skylight is used, the
U x A term for that exposure shall be expanded into its subelements,
as:
Uroof1 Aroof1 + Uroof2 Aroof2, etc.
Where Uo = the average thermal transmittance of the gross roof/ceiling area, Btu/hft2F.
Ao = the gross area of a roof/ceiling assembly, ft2.
Uroof = the thermal transmittance of all elements of the opaque roof/ceiling area,
Btu/hft2F.
Aroof = opaque roof/ceiling area, ft2.
Uskylight = the thermal transmittance of all skylight elements in the roof/ceiling assembly,
Btu/hft2F.
Askylight = skylight area (including frame), ft2.
(3) Floors Over Unheated Spaces. The floor of a heated or mechanically cooled space
located over an unheated space shall have a combined thermal transmittance value (Uo)
as specified in Table No. 16-5A.
(d) Other Buildings. The following provisions shall apply to all buildings and structures, or
portions thereof, except those covered within subsection (c) of this section.
(1) Heating Criteria for Walls. All buildings and structures, or portions thereof, that are
heated shall have a combined thermal transmittance value (Uo) for the gross area
of exterior walls not exceeding those specified in Table No. 16-5B. The combined
thermal transmittance value (Uo) is to be computed using Equation 16-5.1.
(2) Heating Criteria for Roof/Ceiling. All buildings and structures, or portions thereof, that are
heated shall have a combined thermal transmittance value (Uo) for roof/ceiling assemblies not
exceeding those specified in Table No. 16-5B. The combined thermal transmittance value (Uo)
is to be computed using Equation 16-5.2.
(3) Heating Criteria for Floors Over Unheated Spaces. The floor of a heated space
located over an unheated space shall have a thermal transmittance value (Uo) not
exceeding those specified in Table No. 16-5B.
(4) Cooling Criteria for Walls. All buildings and structures, or portions thereof, that are
mechanically cooled shall have an overall thermal transfer value for the gross area
of exterior walls not exceeding those specified in Table No. 16-5B. The overall
thermal transfer value, OTTV, for the gross area of exterior walls is to
be computed using Equation 16-5.3.
OTTV =
OLE Object Here
………………………(16-5.3)
Note. Where more than one type of wall and/or fenestration is used, the
terms shall be expanded into subelements, as:
(U(wall x Awall x TDEQ) + (Uwall2 x Awall2 x TDEQ2) etc.
Where OTTV = overall thermal transfer value.
Uwall = the thermal transmittance of all elements of the opaque wall area,
Btu/hft2F.
Awall = opaque wall area, ft2.
Uf = the thermal transmittance of the fenestration area, Btu/hft2F.
Af = entire exterior wall fenestration area, ft2.
TDEQ = value given in Table No. 16-5H.
SC = shading coefficient of the fenestration (see Section 16-5.2).
Ao = gross area of exterior walls, ft2.
ΔT = temperature difference between exterior and interior design conditions, F.
SF = solar factor value given in Btu/h-ft2, using value from the following table
for the peak load time of the cooling system:
SF (Interpolate for Other Directions and Times)1
|
|
Time
|
N
|
NE
|
E
|
SE
|
S
|
SW
|
W
|
NW
|
Horiz.
|
|
8 a.m.
|
21
|
134
|
227
|
186
|
36
|
20
|
20
|
20
|
116
|
|
10 a.m.
|
32
|
61
|
161
|
168
|
76
|
33
|
32
|
32
|
238
|
|
12 noon
|
36
|
37
|
39
|
69
|
93
|
69
|
39
|
37
|
282
|
|
2 p.m.
|
32
|
32
|
32
|
33
|
76
|
168
|
161
|
61
|
238
|
|
4
p.m.
|
21
|
20
|
20
|
20
|
36
|
186
|
227
|
134
|
116
|
|
1 Where construction has exterior shading such that
no sun heat can reach the glass at all hours, its solar factor
shall be taken as 21.
|
(5) Cooling Criteria for Roof/Ceilings. All buildings and structures, or
portions thereof, that are mechanically cooled shall have a combined thermal transmittance value
(Uo) for roof/ceiling assemblies not exceeding those specified in Table No. 16-5B. The
combined thermal transmittance value (Uo) is to be computed using Equation 16-5.2.
(Sec. 16-7.3, R.O. 1978 (1987 Supp. to 1983 Ed.); Am. Ord. 90-57)
Sec. 16-5.4 Warm air heating, ventilating and air-conditioning systems--All occupancies except Group R, Division
3 occupancies.
(a) Scope. This section applies to air duct systems employing mechanical means for the
movement of air used for warm air heating, cooling, ventilation, air-conditioning systems, exhaust
systems, and combination heating and air-conditioning systems, except that this section shall not
apply to systems for the removal of flammable vapors or residues or to
systems for conveying dust, stock or refuse by means of air currents.
(1) Design Parameters. For calculations under this section, the following design parameters shall apply:
(A) Outdoor design conditions shall be based on requirements in Chapter 39 -- Air
Conditioning and Ventilating of the Administrative Rules of the Department of Health, State
of Hawaii.
(B) Indoor design temperature shall be 70 degrees Fahrenheit for heating and 77 degrees
Fahrenheit for cooling.
(C) Indoor design relative humidity for heating shall not exceed 30 percent. For cooling,
the design relative humidity shall be 50 percent.
(2) Mechanical Ventilation. Each mechanical ventilation system shall be equipped with an accessible means
for either shutoff or volume reduction and shutoff when ventilation is not required.
(3) Simultaneous Heating and Cooling. Systems that employ both heating and cooling simultaneously in
order to achieve comfort conditions within a space shall be limited to those
situations where more efficient methods of heating and air conditioning cannot be effectively
utilized to meet system objectives. Simultaneous heating and cooling by reheating or recooling
supply air or by concurrent operation of independent heating and cooling systems serving
a common zone shall be restricted as specified herein.
(A) New energy may be used for control of temperature if minimized as specified
in subparagraphs (C) through (H) of this paragraph. New energy is defined as
energy, other than recovered, utilized for the purpose of heating or cooling.
(B) Recovered energy, provided the new energy expended in the recovery process is less
than the amount recovered, may be used for control of temperature and humidity.
(C) New energy may be used, when necessary, to prevent relative humidity from rising
above 80 percent for comfort control or to prevent condensation on terminal units
or outlets.
(D) Systems employing reheat and serving multiple zones, other than those employing variable air
volume for temperature control, shall be provided with control that will automatically reset
the system cold air supply to the highest temperature level that will satisfy
the zone requiring the coolest air. Single zone reheat systems shall be controlled
to sequence cooling reheating.
(E) Dual duct and multi-zone systems shall be provided with control that will automatically
reset the cold air supply to the highest temperature that will satisfy the
zone requiring the coolest air and the hot air supply to the lowest
temperature that will satisfy the zone requiring the warmest air.
(F) Systems in which heated air is recooled, directly or indirectly, to maintain space
temperature, shall be provided with control that will automatically reset the temperature to
which the supply air is heated to the lowest level that will satisfy
the zone requiring the warmest air.
(G) For systems with multiple zones, one or more zones may be chosen to
represent a number of zones with similar heating/cooling characteristics. A multiple zone heating,
ventilating and air-conditioning system that employs reheating or recooling for control of not
more than 5,000 cfm or 20 percent of the total supply air of
the system, whichever is less, shall be exempt from the supply air temperature
reset requirements of subparagraphs (D) and (F) of this paragraph.
(H) Concurrent operation of independent heating and cooling systems serving common spaces and requiring
the use of new energy for heating or cooling shall be minimized by
one or both of the following:
(i) By providing sequential temperature control of both heating and cooling capacity in
each zone.
(ii) By limiting the heating energy input, through automatic reset control of the
heating medium temperature or energy input rate, to only that necessary to offset
heat loss due to transmission and infiltration and, where applicable, to heat the
ventilation air supply to the space.
(b) Equipment Performance Requirements. The requirements of this section apply to equipment and component
performance for heating, ventilating and air-conditioning systems. Where equipment efficiency levels are specified,
data furnished by the equipment supplier or certified under a nationally recognized certification
program or rating procedure shall be used to satisfy these requirements.
(1) System Equipment.
(A) Heating, ventilating and air-conditioning system equipment whose energy input in the cooling mode
is entirely electric shall show a coefficient of performance (COP) and energy efficiency
ratio (EER) not less than the values specified in Table No. 16-5C. These
requirements apply to, but are not limited to, unitary cooling equipment (air and
water source), packaged air conditioners and room air conditioners. This paragraph does not
apply to equipment used in areas having open refrigerated food display cases.
(B) Heat-operated cooling equipment shall show a coefficient of performance (COP) in the cooling
mode not less than the values specified in Table No. 16-5D. These requirements
apply to, but are not limited to, absorption, engine-driven and turbine-driven equipment. The
coefficient of performance (COP) is determined excluding the electrical auxiliary inputs.
(2) System Components. Heating, ventilating and air-conditioning system components whose energy input in the
cooling mode is entirely electric shall show a coefficient of performance (COP) and
energy efficiency ratio (EER) not less than the values specified in Table No.
16-5E.
(3) Heat Pumps. Heat Pumps whose energy input is entirely electric shall show a
coefficient of performance (COP), heating, not less than the values specified in Table
No. 16-5F.
(4) Supplementary Heater.
(A) The heat pump shall be installed with a control to prevent supplementary heater
operation when the heating load can be met by the heat pump alone.
(B) Supplementary heater operation is permitted during transient periods, such as start-ups, following room
thermostat set-point advance and during defrost.
(C) A two-stage room thermostat which controls the supplementary heat in its second stage
shall be accepted as meeting this requirement. The cut-on temperature for the compression
heating shall be higher than the cut-on temperature for the supplementary heat, and
the cut-off temperature for the compression heating shall be higher than the cut-off
temperature for the supplementary heat. Supplementary heat may be derived from any source
of electric resistance heating or combustion heating.
(5) Combustion Heating Equipment. All gas and oil-fired comfort heating equipment shall show a
minimum combustion efficiency of 75 percent at maximum rated output. Combustion efficiency shall
be determined in accordance with acceptable engineering principles.
(c) Insulation of Ducts. All duct systems, or portions thereof, exposed to nonconditioned spaces
shall be insulated in accordance with UBC Section 707.4.
(Sec. 16-7.4, R.O. 1978 (1987 Supp. to 1983 Ed.); Am. Ord. 90-57, 97-16)
Sec. 16-5.5 Warm air heating, ventilating and air-conditioning systems in one- and two-family dwellings--
Group R, Division 3 occupancies.
All duct systems, or portions thereof, exposed to nonconditioned spaces shall be insulated
in accordance with UBC Section 707.4. (Sec. 16-7.5, R.O. 1978 (1987 Supp. to
1983 Ed.); Am. Ord. 90-57, 97-16)
Sec. 16-5.6 Systems controls in all occupancies.
All heating, ventilating and air-conditioning systems shall be provided controls for all occupancies
as specified herein.
(a) Temperature. Each heating, ventilating and air-conditioning system shall be provided with at least
one thermostat for the regulation of temperature. Each thermostat shall be capable of
being set from 55 degrees Fahrenheit to 75 degrees Fahrenheit, where used to
control cooling only. Where used to control both heating and cooling, it shall
be capable of being set from 55 degrees Fahrenheit to 85 degrees Fahrenheit,
and shall be capable of operating the system heating and cooling in sequence.
It shall be adjustable to provide a temperature range of up to 10
degrees Fahrenheit between full heating and full cooling, except as allowed, in Section
16-5.4 (a)(3)(H).
(b) Humidity. If a heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning system is equipped with a means
for adding moisture to maintain specific selected relative humidities in spaces or zones,
a humidistat shall be provided. This device shall be capable of being set
to prevent new energy from being used to produce space relative humidity above
30 percent relative humidity. Where a humidistat is used in a heating, ventilating
and air-conditioning system for controlling moisture removal to maintain specific selected relative humidities
in spaces or zones, it shall be capable of being set to prevent
new energy from being used to produce a space relative humidity below 60
percent.
(c) Temperature Zoning.
(1) In all Group R, Division 3 occupancies, at least one thermostat for regulation
of space temperature shall be provided for each separate heating, ventilating and air-conditioning
system. In addition, a readily accessible manual or automatic means shall be provided
to partially restrict or shut off the heating or cooling input to each
zone or floor, excluding unheated or uncooled basements and garages.
(2) In all Group R, Division 1 occupancies, each individual dwelling unit shall be
considered separately and shall meet the above requirements for Group R, Division 3
occupancies.
(3) In all buildings and structures, or portions thereof, other than Group R, Division
3 occupancies, and in spaces other than dwelling units in Group R, Division
1 occupancies, at least one thermostat for regulation of space temperature shall be
provided for each separate heating, ventilating and air-conditioning system and for each floor
of the building.
(d) Setback and Shut Off.
(1) In all Group R, Division 3 occupancies, the thermostat or an alternate means
such as a switch or a clock shall provide a readily accessible manual
or automatic means for reducing the energy required for heating and cooling during
periods of nonuse or reduced need.
(2) In all other buildings and structures, or portions thereof, each heating, ventilating and
air-conditioning system shall be equipped with a readily accessible means of reducing the
energy used for heating, ventilating and air-conditioning during periods of nonuse or alternate
uses of the building spaces or zones served by the system, such as
with manually adjustable automatic timing devices, manual devices for use by operating personnel
or automatic control systems.
(3) Lowering thermostat set points to reduce energy consumption of heating systems shall not
cause energy to be expended to reach the reduced setting.
(Sec. 16-7.6, R.O. 1978 (1987 Supp. to 1983 Ed.); Am. Ord. 90-57)
Sec. 16-5.7 Piping for steam and hot water heating systems.
(a) All piping serving as part of a heating or cooling system installed to
serve buildings and within buildings shall be thermally insulated as shown in Table
No. 16-5G.
(b) Insulation thicknesses are based on insulation having thermal resistance in the range of
4.0 to 4.6 per inch of thickness on a flat surface at a
mean temperature of 75 degrees Fahrenheit. Minimum insulation thickness shall be increased for
materials having R values less than 4.0 or may be reduced for materials
having R values greater than 4.6 per inch of thickness as follows:
(1) For materials with thermal resistance greater than R = 4.6, the minimum insulation
thickness may be determined as follows:
OLE Object Here
= New Minimum Thickness
(2) For materials with thermal resistance less than R = 4.0, the minimum insulation
thickness shall be determined as follows:
OLE Object Here
= New Minimum Thickness
EXCEPTIONS. Piping insulation, except when needed to prevent condensation, is not required in
any of the following cases:
(A) Piping installed within heating, ventilating and air-conditioning equipment.
(B) Piping operating at internal temperatures between 55 degrees Fahrenheit and 120 degrees Fahrenheit.
(C) When the heat loss or heat gain of the piping, without insulation, does
not increase the energy requirements of the building.
(D) Piping installed in basements, cellars or unventilated crawl space with insulated walls in
Group R, Division 3 occupancies.
Where required to prevent condensation, insulation with vapor barriers shall be installed in
addition to insulation required above.
(Sec. 16-7.7, R.O. 1978 (1987 Supp. to 1983 Ed.); Am. Ord. 90-57)
Sec. 16-5.8 Conservation of hot water.
(a) Showers. Showers used for other than safety reasons shall be equipped with flow
control devices to limit total flow to a maximum of three gpm per
shower- head.
(b) Lavatories. Lavatories with hot water supplies in rest rooms of other than dwelling
units in Group R occupancies shall:
(1) Be equipped with outlet devices which limit the flow of hot water to
a maximum of 0.5 gpm, or
(2) Be equipped with devices which limit the outlet temperature to maximum of 110
degrees Fahrenheit, or
(3) Be equipped with self-closing valves that limit delivery to a maximum of 0.25
gallons of hot water.
(c) Piping Insulation. Piping in return circulation systems shall be insulated so that heat
loss is limited to a maximum of 17.5 Btu/h per linear foot of
pipe. Maximum heat loss shall be determined at a temperature differential equal to
the maximum water temperature minus a design ambient temperature not higher than 65
degrees Fahrenheit.
EXCEPTION. Conformance with Table No. 16-5G for low temperature piping systems shall be
deemed as complying with this section.
(d) Pump Operation. Circulating hot water systems shall be arranged so that the circulating
pump can be turned off either automatically or manually when the hot water
system is not in operation.
(e) Performance Efficiency.
(1) All automatic electric storage water heaters shall have a standby loss not exceeding
four watts per square foot of tank surface area. This method of test
of standby loss shall be in accordance with acceptable engineering principles.
(2) All gas and oil-fired automatic storage heaters shall have a recovery efficiency, Er,
not less than 75 percent and a standby loss percentage, S, not exceeding
S = 2.3 + 67/V, where V = rated volume in gallons. The
method of determining Er and S shall be in accordance with acceptable engineering
principles.
(3) Service water heating equipment shall not be dependent on year-round operation of space
heating boilers, that is, boilers that have as another function winter space heating.
(f) Insulation. Unfired hot water storage tanks shall be insulated so that heat loss
is limited to a maximum of 13.6 Btu/h per square foot of external
tank surface area. For purposes of determining this heat loss, the design ambient
temperature shall be not higher than 65 degrees Fahrenheit.
(Sec. 16-7.8, R.O. 1978 (1987 Supp. to 1983 Ed.); Am. Ord. 90-57)
Sec. 16-5.9 Controls.
(a) Temperature Controls. All hot water supply systems shall be equipped with automatic temperature
controls capable of adjustments from the lowest to the highest acceptable temperature settings
for the intended use.
(b) Shut Down. A separate switch shall be provided to terminate the energy supplied
to electric hot water supply systems. A separate valve shall be provided to
turn off the energy supplied to the main burner of all other types
of hot water supply systems.
(Sec. 16-7.9, R.O. 1978 (1987 Supp. to 1983 Ed.); Am. Ord. 90-57)
Sec. 16-5.10 Lighting power limit for buildings.
(a) General. This section establishes the maximum power limit for interior and exterior illumination
systems.
(b) Exempt Buildings. Buildings housing Group R, Division 3 occupancies, and the dwelling unit
portion of buildings housing Group R, Division 1 occupancies are exempt from the
requirements of this section.
(c) Lighting Power Limit. A lighting power limit is the upper limit of the
power to be available to provide the lighting needs of a building.
(d) Separate lighting power limit shall be calculated for the building interior and for
the building exterior.
(e) Calculation Procedure. To establish a lighting power limit, the following procedure shall be
used:
(1) Interiors.
(A) Determine the use categories for the various parts of the building from Table
No. 16-5I.
(B) Multiply the maximum power limit for each category by the gross floor area
included in that category.
(C) Add the total watts for each area to arrive at the lighting power
limit for the building. Where ballasts are used, include wattage of ballasts.
(D) In open-concept spaces in excess of 2,000 square feet, with no defined egress
or circulation pattern, 25 percent of the area shall be designated as subparagraph
(B) of this paragraph.
(2) Exteriors.
(A) Category E Lighting (see Table No. 16-5I) -- Multiply the limit given in
Table No. 16-5I by the number of lineal feet in the building perimeter.
Except for lighting required for security and safety, category E lighting shall be
off from two a.m. to 15 minutes before sunset.
(B) Other Exterior Lighting -- Multiply the value in category F in Table No.
16-5I by the area to be illuminated.
(3) Exception. Lighting for theatrical, television, cleanrooms, spectator sports and like performances shall not
be included in the total building limit. Control of this lighting shall have
limited access.
(f) Alternates.
(1) The installed lighting power for any area may be increased or decreased from
the values of Table No. 16-5I, provided the total interior building lighting power
limit calculated in subsection (e) of this section is not exceeded. The task
lighting for any area shall not exceed the standards set forth in the
1981 edition of the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) Handbook.
(2) Lighting for retail stores may use five watts per square foot for the
first 500 square feet and 2.5 watts per square foot for floor area
in excess of 500 square feet.
(g) Lighting Switching. In all exterior areas, lighting fixtures shall be switched automatically for
non-operation when natural light is available.
(h) Documentation. Lighting power loads shall be presented to the building official in an
acceptable format and shall include the total connected lighting wattage per square foot
for the entire structure.
(i) Application to Existing Buildings.
(1) General. The provisions of this section shall apply to all existing buildings and
structures with a gross floor area in excess of 10,000 square feet.
(2) Exempt Buildings and Lighting. The following are exempt from the provisions of this
section:
(A) Buildings housing Group R, Division 3 occupancies and the dwelling unit portion of
buildings housing Group R, Division 1 occupancies.
(B) The manufacturing portion of industrial plants.
(C) Exterior lighting, provided that subsection (g) of this section shall apply to exterior
lighting for existing buildings or portions of existing buildings not exempt under subparagraphs
(A) and (B) of this paragraph.
(3) Existing Buildings. For the purposes of this section, existing buildings shall be as
defined under UBC Section 403.
(4) Calculation Procedure. Lighting power limit for existing buildings shall be established following procedure
set forth in subsection (e) of this section.
(5) Alternates. The alternates set forth in subsection (f) of this section shall also
be applicable to existing buildings.
(6) Documentation. Lighting power loads shall be presented to the building official in an
acceptable format and shall include the total connected lighting wattage per square foot
for the portion of a structure under consideration.
(Sec. 16-7.10, R.O. 1978 (1987 Supp. to 1983 Ed.); Am. Ord. 90-57)
Sec. 16-5.11 Energy conservation in electrical distribution systems.
(a) Power Factor. The power factor of the overall electrical distribution system in a
building shall be not less than 90 percent under rated design installed load
of the building, either by utilizing equipment design or by the use of
power factor corrective devices. The corrective methods shall be based upon an engineering
evaluation of each distribution system.
(b) Lighting Switching. Switching shall be provided for each lighting circuit, or for portions
of each circuit so that the partial lighting required for custodial or for
effective complementary use with natural lighting may be operated selectively.
(Sec. 16-7.11, R.O. 1978 (1987 Supp. to 1983 Ed.); Am. Ord. 90-57)
Sec. 16-5.12 Violation--Penalty.
For violation and penalty provisions, see Article 10 of this chapter. (Sec. 16-7.12,
R.O. 1978 (1987 Supp. to 1983 Ed.); Am. Ord. 90-57)
Table No. 16-5A
Criteria for Group R Occupancy Buildings Three Stories or Less in Height
|
|
lement
|
Mode
|
U o
|
|
Walls
|
Cooling
|
0.47
|
|
Roof/ceiling
|
Heating &
Cooling
|
0.06
|
|
Roof w/o ceiling*
|
|
0.15
|
|
Floors over unheated spaces
|
Heating
|
0.47
|
*Use this when a ceiling air plenum is involved.
Table No. 16-5B
Criteria for Buildings Other Than Group R Occupancy Three Stories or Less in
Height
|
|
Element
|
Mode
|
U o
|
OTTV
|
|
Walls
|
Heating
|
0.47
|
|
|
|
Cooling
|
|
28.5
|
|
Roof/ceiling
|
Heating &
Cooling
|
0.06
|
|
|
Roof w/o ceiling*
|
|
0.15
|
|
|
Floors over unheated spaces
|
Heating
|
0.47
|
|
*Use this when a ceiling air plenum is involved.
Table No. 16-5C
Minimum EER and COP for Electrically Driven Air-Conditioning System Equipment
|
|
Standard Rating Capacity
|
Air Cooled
|
Water or Evap. Cooled
|
|
|
EER
|
COP
|
EER
|
COP
|
|
Under 65,000 Btu/hr (19 kilowatts)
|
7.8
|
2.28
|
8.8
|
2.58
|
|
65,000 Btu/hr (19
kilowatts) and over
|
8.2
|
2.40
|
9.2
|
2.69
|
Table No. 16-5D
Minimum COP for Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning System Heat Operated Cooling Equipment
|
|
Heat Source
|
Minimum
COP
|
|
Direct fired (gas, oil)
|
0.48
|
|
Indirect fired (steam, hot water)
|
0.68
|
Table No. 16-5E
Minimum COP for Electrically Driven Air-Conditioning System Components
|
|
|
Air
|
Water
|
Evap.
|
|
Component
|
Condensing Means
|
EER
|
COP
|
EER
|
COP
|
EER
|
COP
|
|
Self-contained water chillers
|
Centrifugal
|
8.0
|
2.34
|
13.8
|
4.04
|
|
|
|
|
Positive Displacement
|
8.4
|
2.46
|
12.0
|
3.51
|
|
|
|
Condenserless water
chillers
|
Positive Displacement
|
9.9
|
2.90
|
12.0
|
3.51
|
|
|
|
Condensing units 65,000 Btu/hr (19 kilowatts) and over
|
Positive Displacement
|
9.5
|
2.78
|
12.5
|
3.66
|
12.5
|
3.66
|
Table No. 16-5F
Minimum COP for Heat Pumps, Heating Mode
|
|
Source and Outdoor Temperature, ˚˚Degrees F
|
Minimum COP
|
|
Air
Source - 47 dB/43WB
|
2.7
|
|
Air Source - 17 dB/15WB
|
1.8
|
|
Water Source - 60 Entering
|
3.0
|
Table No. 16-5G
Minimum Pipe Insulation
|
|
Piping System Types
|
Insulation Thickness in Inches for Pipe Sizes
|
|
|
Fluid Temperature Range, Deg.F
|
Runouts Up to 2”
|
1” and Less
|
1 1/4 to 2”
|
2 1/2 to 4”
|
5” & 6”
|
8” & Larger
|
Heating Systems
Steam and Hot Water High Pressure/Temp.
|
|
1 1/2
|
2 1/2
|
2 1/2
|
3
|
3 1/2
|
3 ½
|
|
Med. Pressure/Temp.
|
251-305
|
1 1/2
|
2
|
2 1/2
|
2 ½
|
3
|
3
|
|
Low Pressure/Temp.
|
201-250
|
1
|
1 1/2
|
1 ½
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
|
Low Temperature
|
120-200
|
½
|
1
|
1
|
1 1/2
|
1 1/2
|
1 ½
|
Steam
Condensate
(for Feed Water)
|
Any
|
1
|
1
|
1 1/2
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cooling Systems
Chilled Water,
Refrigerant or Brine
|
|
1/2
1
|
1/2
1
|
3/4
1 1/2
|
1
1 1/2
|
1
1 1/2
|
1
1 1/2
|
Table No. 16-5H
Temperature Difference for Sunlit Walls*
|
|
Wall Construction
Mass per Unit Area - lbs/ft 2
|
TD EQ - Deg.F
|
|
0-25
|
44
|
|
26-40
|
37
|
|
41-70
|
30
|
|
71 and above
|
23
|
*Temperature difference for shaded areas need be no greater than the average difference
between ambient and inside conditions.
Table No. 16-5I
Lighting Limit (Connected Load) for Listed Occupancies
|
|
Type of Use
|
Max. Limit
Per Square Foot
(Watts)
|
Interior
Category A:
Classroom, office, automotive, mechanical area, museum, conference room, drafting, clerical, laboratory, retail stores,
manufacturing, process, industrial, kitchen, examining room, open library stacks, athletic facility
|
3
|
Category B:
Auditorium, place of assembly, waiting area, spectator area, rest room, dining, working corridor
in prison and hospital, transportation terminal, closed book stacks, active storage, hospital bedroom,
hotel/motel bedroom, enclosed shopping mall concourse
|
1
|
Category C:
Corridor, lobby, elevator, stairway, dead storage, bulk manufacturing
|
.5
|
Category D:
Indoor parking
|
.25
|
Exterior
Category E:
Building perimeter: Wall wash, facade, canopy
|
5 (per linear foot)
|
Category F:
Outdoor parking
|
0.05
|
Revised Ordinances
|